Like ARE CARDINALS?
Cardinals are, in rule, the affix clergy of the archdiocese of Rome - thus their full label, 'cardinals of the Pious Roman Church. Both of them is bound to utility a character subdivision church in Rome (or, in a few gear, to one of the alleged "suburbicarian" dioceses close the settlement), even though these days such engagements are in simple terms souvenir and for love.
The cardinals are at odds inside three subcategories: cardinal bishops, cardinal priests and cardinal deacons. These similes scratch the titular situation that they are assigned in the archdiocese of Rome or the suburbicarian dioceses. For style, Cardinal Keith O'Brien, the Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh, is a cardinal priest by incorruptibility of time the souvenir subdivision priest of the church of Sts Gioacchino and Anna in the Roman conclusion of Tuscolano. In poison of the arrangement, cardinal priests and cardinal deacons are all over the place without fail bishops. Past 1962, all new cardinals sway been legally constrained to be blessed as bishops if they are not bishops rather than. At the time, this conference matter-of-fact to 12 obtainable cardinals. The conference is occasionally cool for priests who cause a special franchise - record magnificently, this was granted by Pope John Paul II to Yves Congar in 1994 and Avery Dulles in 2001.
Past 1965, a abrupt suppose of patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches sway been bound to the Military institute of Cardinals not up to scratch time assigned titular churches or sees something like Rome. The Patriarch of Antioch, Ignace Gabriel I Tappouni, had rather than been bound as a cardinal in 1935, and lost his titular church in the 1965 reform.
Pope John VIII compared the cardinals to the 70 elders who assisted Moses in the Old Tribute ("De Jure Cardinalium"), and the suppose of cardinals was delimited to 70 as delayed as 1917 (these comprised 6 cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests and 14 cardinal deacons). In 1975, Pope Paul VI decreed that the suppose of cardinals under 80 may possibly not surpass 120, even though this curb is sometimes overlooked by popes when creating new cardinals. At consult, donate are tart 200 cardinals, 115 of whom are under 80.
The Military institute of Cardinals has readily been taken by Italians. The important papal convention attended by a gathering of non-Italian cardinals was that which took place on the death of Pope Pius XII in 1958.
Cardinals sway readily been entitled to the self-same honours as federation princes. This is the origin of Hearsay 21 of the 1929 Lateran Agreement, which stated: "All Cardinals shall possess, in Italy, the honours due to Princes of the Blood". The term 'Prince of the Church is still occasionally recycled in be neck and neck to cardinals, even though historically the term had a wider meaning.
The strain of homily for a cardinal has been "your Status" in the role of 1630. Fastidiously utterance, cardinals are referred to as "John Cardinal Smith" reasonably than "Cardinal John Smith", even though the latter form is in huge use.
Cardinals dress in red garments. This schedule dates from the 13th century. The red head covering is indistinguishable with the dresser of cardinal.
The Military institute of Cardinals, which is a endorsed matter in its own fetching, is led by the Dean, to whom is assigned the suburbicarian archdiocese of Ostia. The Dean recycled to be bound by seniority from bring down the cardinal bishops, but today he is open by the cardinal bishops, hand out to the goodwill of the Pope. Here is as well a Sub-Dean. Neither has any meting out licensed.
Legal Situation AND Civil liberties
The 1983 Dogma of Directive Law
According to the 1983 Dogma, the cardinals "designate a special college which provides for the ballot of the Roman Pontiff". In tentacle, they "advance the Roman Pontiff either collegially when they are convoked to concordat with questions of critical appreciate, or piecemeal when they help the Roman Pontiff next to the various offices they perform" (Directive 349). They are required to be "principally lingering in philosophy, principles, virtue, and insight in action" (Directive 351). Cardinals living covering Rome and covering their own dioceses are accord from the constraint of the inland bishops (Directive 357).
The 1917 Dogma of Directive Law
The 1917 Dogma confirmed that the cardinals "designate the Legislative body of the Roman Pontiff and advance him as his affix counsellors and helpers in governing the Church" (Directive 230).
Base Directive 232.2, the back were illicit from becoming cardinals:
1. illegitimate sons, even if they sway been legitimised by a important marriage; and as well other men who are flashing or are impeded from spoils holy fleeting by incorruptibility of canonical disabilities, even if they sway been dispensed by papal licensed to keep fleeting and to keep up offices, even dwell in of episcopal rank;
2. men who sway had children, even from a officially recognized marriage, or whose childish sway instinctive them a grandchild;
3. men who are contemporaneous in the important or the even more make of empathy with up-to-the-minute living Cardinal.Cardinals were as well supreme the back constitutional rights (Directive 239.1):
1. judgment confessions where in the world, even dwell in of priestly of what's more sexes, and absolving from all sins and censures, even shy ones, with the introverted of exception of censures shy "specialissimo modo" to the Apostolic See and dwell in recitation to the alarm of matters hand out to the secret of the Pious Accounting...
3. preaching the word of God in any place...
5. blessing in any place, with the sign of the very angry lone, rosaries and other prayer-chaplets, crosses, medals, statues and scapulars fixed by the Apostolic See, with all the expected indulgences granted by the Pious See...
6. erecting and blessing stations of the Way of the In a huff in churches, oratories (even intimate ones) and other pious seats with all the significant indugences...
7. celebrating Embankment on a mobile phone altar not purely in the place of birth that they lodge, but everyplace they travel...
8. celebrating Embankment at sea....
10. benefiting from a personality personal altar with a essay indulgence...
12. blessing the personnel everywhere in the pose of Bishops (but in the Metropolitan, purely in churches, in pious seats and at gatherings of the steady);
13. exhausting a pectoral very angry in the pose of Bishops... and using a mitre and a rustic staff....
15. using pontifical vestments with a throne and baldachino in all churches covering the Metropolitan (with the Ordinary time warned beforehand, if the church is a cathedral);
18. unloading the honours normally supreme to the Ordinary of the place everyplace they travel;
20. performance consecrations and blessings of the altars of churches, sacred furniture and Abbots... in any place....
21. spoils pre-eminence higher than all Prelates, even Patriarchs and even Pontifical Legates, unless the Legate is a Cardinal who is residing in his own command...
22. conferring important tonsure and the secondary fleeting...
23. administering the routine of log....
Long-ago
"Cardo" is the Latin for "axis", and this has moved a folk etymology to the effect that the eccentric cardinals were "hingemen" who acted as doorkeepers at Embankment into the get older of stalking under the Roman People.
The term "cardinal" ("cardinalis") was matter-of-fact from the 5th century to members of the Roman clergy, even though it was as well recycled in extract to clerics not in in the Catholic world. The important non-Roman churchman to be assigned a titular church in Rome was Dietrich of Trier in 975, even though he does not circle to sway been regarded as a cardinal. The Military institute of Cardinals started to meet as a pull out unit from the 12th century.
In his apostolic formation "Postquam", issued in 1586, Sixtus V confirmed that, bright as the Pope represents St Peter, so the cardinals extract the other apostles. They are the "counsellors and assistants" of the pontiff: they are "the same his eyes and ears and the record impressive parts of the sacred initially, and his primary limbs, put in place by the Pious Nature". Sixtus as well describes them as "the brightest lights of the Church, the foundations of the temple of God, and the pillars of the Christian commonwealth".
A decade far ahead, in 1596, Henrique Henriques wrote in his "Summa Theologiae Moralis":
The affix and pre-eminent declare behindhand that of the Colossal Pontiff is now that of the Cardinalate.... The share out of the Cardinal is to advance the Colossal Pontiff, as the Apostles assisted Christ next to exercising their ministries. It is assumed that this share out derives from the time of the Apostles.... Cardinals are called by the Apostolic See to process the mutual Church.... Incontrovertible bit of this intensity were instituted by Pope One hundred per cent IV at the Get-together of Lyons in the year 1243: that Cardinals potency concentrate on horseback and make use of a red and beside yourself "galero" or hat, as if they are off to stanchion the be sure about with their blood and at the risk of their lives. They claim to stanchion the be sure about in this way when they are bound....The cardinals' loss of constraint higher than their titular churches in Rome started with Pope One hundred per cent XII's "Romanum Decet Pontificem" in 1692. The cardinals' carry on powers higher than their titular churches were abolished in 1969, going away them with a in simple terms for love place.
Or else the 20th century, men who were not priests or bishops may possibly be bound as cardinals. Even though sometimes recurring as "lay cardinals", these men were in principle members of the clergy, in the role of they were supreme the tonsure and the secondary fleeting. The string non-priest cardinal was Teodolfo Martel, a lawyer, who died in 1899, even though it is assumed that in the 1960s Pope Paul VI considered making the dreamer Jacques Maritain a cardinal. From 1917, donate has been a endorsed restrict on non-priests time bound as cardinals, and in 1972 the tonsure and secondary fleeting were abolished.
PAPAL ELECTIONS
Past 1159, the cardinals lone sway had the fetching to brew the Pope. The new pontiff is all over the place invariably exhausted from their ranks. It is not unheard of for non-cardinals to glaring a few votes in papal elections - this is assumed to sway happened to Giovanni Battista Montini (the lot Pope Paul VI) in 1958 and, higher controversially, to the appear archbishop Marcel Lefebvre in 1978. Stagnant, no non-cardinal has succeeded in time open pope in the role of Residential VI in 1378.
In 1971, cardinals higher than the age of 80 lost their rights to joke about in conclaves. This cutting affected 25 cardinals at that time.
Particularly Plane
The Cardinals of the Pious Roman Church
Military institute of Cardinals
Cardinals And The Military institute - The Midpoint Gears
More statement - 4 December 2011
Popular are a two of a kind of passages from Filippo Maroto's "Institutiones iuris canonici ad normam novi codicis" (1919):
815. The poor obligations of all Cardinals are as follows.- A) As Cardinals possess the profile declare and the bordering group with the Roman Pontiff, they are elasticity, higher than other men, to show worship and meekness to the Pope, to enable fondness to the Apostolic See with a special obligation, to work constantly for the good of the Church, and to stanchion her rights even if they are required to covering their blood, as they are reminded by their red clothing.
B) As well, Cardinals, in the role of they are the affix counsellors and helpers of the Roman Pontiff in his authority of the Church, sway the requisite of secondary the Pontiff with truthful and beneficial cautioning and with in demand work and keep up. They are in this fashion elasticity to keep on the duties, commissions, legations, etc, which are entrusted to them by the Roman Pontiff and to instigate them with senses, resolution, negotiation and fondness.
C) A clear-cut requisite of Cardinals is to settle in the Curia, so that they can dish up donate the offices and duties to be found upon them by the Roman Pontiff.... Cardinals who are Bishops of some non-Roman archdiocese are exempted for the requirement to settle in the Curia. What, stagnant, they come to the Metropolitan, they must consult themselves to the Colossal Pontiff and must not throw away the Metropolitan previously they sway requested his extravagance to stray....
819. The duties of Cardinals to the Church and the Pontiff.... - Past Cardinals are the affix counsellors and helpers of the Roman Pontiff, two duties fall on them as a consequence: they can and must insinuate and work for the Roman Pontiff....
As for the important share out, Cardinals are the Counsellors of the Pope, and, exceptionally, his affix counsellors, in the role of they form his Legislative body. But the licensed and power of the Pontiff is not group in any way on the assent or cautioning of the Cardinals, either piecemeal or collectively. It is fetching, dependable, for the Pope, in governing the Church, uniquely in matters that are confrontational and of substantial appreciate, to ask the cautioning of the Cardinals whom he has special as his special advisers, nor dependable does this share out of Cardinals turn up to be an coupon one; but it is not within the to the point either of personage Cardinals or of the come to of the sacred Military institute... to demand as of fetching that the Roman Pontiff... asks for their cautioning, still less that he obtains their assent. Prior to, it would be insufferable to transact occupation if some Cardinals were ignorant of or in quarrel with it.
